Industrial Revolution in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Industrial Revolution in Britain - Essay Example England, having a profuse supply of laborers to mine coal and iron, meaning a good supply of industrial fuel, possessing colonies that serve as her sources of raw materials and as her markets, achieved a head start over its European equals in the phenomenon of Industrial Revolution. Most importantly, England's isolation kept her from wars bombarding other European countries, and allowed her to continue industrializing without disruption (Rempel). Industrial Revolution induced the widespread use of machineries for manufacturing. England went through the phenomenon beginning in18th Century. Soon, more things could be done quicker and labor costs became cheaper. The process changed England from an agrarian, handicraft economy into a machine-dominated manufacturing industry. This bought for England greater economic potentialities and urbanization. Urbanization as an effect of industrializing made England evidenced an increase in population, as well as the emergence of several new social classes (Rempel). An advent of factories in places where palpable resources of coal and other essential materials could be found was set up in the process of rapid industrializing and urbanizing. Concentration of work forces in these locations was then called for. Eventually, these areas were developed to great cities with established political centers. The problem was that these so called "factory" and "mining" towns became so crowded and swamped that no good living conditions were experienced. Sanitary provisions are found lacking, and diseases spread across these swamped areas. "The dreadful living conditions in these new towns can be attributed to lack of good bricks, absences of building codes, and the lack of machinery for public sanitation. Yet the more tenable cause was the fact that factory owners offered little regard to the laborers as they treat them as commodities and not as actually human beings with important needs" (Rempel). These towns then sprouted new categories of British social classes. Factory owners became the new bourgeoisie and the men, women and children became categorized as the new working class. The more alarming incident here was that women and child labor emerged prominently in this period. Yet, more and more people moved to these cities in search of the higher profits that was seem guaranteed in working for these industries. Unfortunately, the industry workers were not to become well-off despite having jobs. This is so because they play second fiddle to the sophisticated machines, and were often degraded to routine process laborers, working long hours yet receiving low compensations under quite inauspicious conditions (Rempel). Longer hours meant reduced leisure time even though their material consumption did not increased. It was apparent that the workers become concentrated on factories and mines, and less on agriculture, where half of the population was in a century earlier. Employment in agriculture as a percentage of the population declined rapidly. By 1850, only one in four British could be said to be working the land and as had been said, employment growth at this point in time took place mostly in traditional manufacturing service industries (Voth, 2003). Therefore, wage increases that would have been expected from

Possible risks Essay Example for Free

Possible risks Essay Determination of pregnancy is not certain until the second trimester, at around twenty weeks, when the fetal heart beat can be heard via a fetoscope. Albeit there are presumptive and probable signs associated with pregnancy, like the early morning sickness or the growing size of the abdominal area, these could also be caused by a different pathology. Hence, it can be inevitable for a woman who is not aware of her pregnant state to be exposed to radiation, most especially if she is not aware of her current menstruation cycle. Radiation exposure usually occurs whenever a person is exposed to cosmic rays, external radiation from radioactive ores, internal exposure through radiation therapy given for treatment in cancer patients, and most commonly through diagnostic x-rays. More often than not, pregnant women who are not aware of their pregnant state could have gotten their diagnostic x-rays taken, which is equivalent to receiving 70 millirem. Also, she could have been exposed to other radiation sources, like watching the television and living next door to a power plant. But exposure to radiation can have an acceptable limit of 350 millirems for the pregnant woman. For the pregnant woman, the most critical period wherein the fetus will suffer the most health consequences is when the she is exposed to radiation around two weeks to fifteen weeks gestational age. At two weeks gestational age, if the mother is exposed to a radiation that measures greater than 5 rad or 5000 millirem, a miscarriage can take place or even death inside the womb. If the fetus is exposed to radiation at the gestational age of eight to fifteen weeks, the fetus is to suffer a severe brain damage from the exposure. This can result in lowered intelligent quotients or IQs, mental retardation, stunted growth and other birth defects. Mental retardation is defined as a general developmental disorder characterized by a lower than average intelligence marker and the child is to suffer from limited daily living skills due to limited learning capabilities. Stunted growth in a child will be evidenced by a sluggish growth and development progress, as evidenced by a lower than normal height, weight and even cognitive skills. After this critical period, the two to fifteen weeks of gestational age, the fetus will unlikely suffer from radiation exposure, unless the exposure is extremely large. Only having been exposed to at least five thousand x-rays at one time can give harm to a 16 week old fetus. At 26 weeks gestational age, the fetus cannot be harmed by radiation exposure, and if ever exposed to radiation, the fetus will unlikely suffer serious health consequences. This can be compared to a newborn being exposed to radiation; the chances of having defects are greatly decreased if not invisible already. However, some of the effects of being exposed to radiation cannot readily be seen or manifest in the early life. Studies also show that fetuses are extremely sensitive to the cancer causing effects of radiation exposure; hence this can increase their risks in acquiring cancer later in life. Radiation exposure can be limited, if not avoided. The pregnant woman needs to be aware of her physiological state. She would have to consult all of her diagnostic exams and her workplace to her physician, so that radiation exposure can be prevented early on the pregnancy.

Wicked And Messy Environmental Problems

Wicked And Messy Environmental Problems Some environmental problems have taken on a new nature; they have become wicked. These wicked problems defy classification and have no clear-cut solutions. They are associated with a high degree of uncertainty and deep disagreement of values. They have become immune to the conventional approach to problem solving and pose a major challenge to effective natural resource management. This essay examines four challenges that wicked problems present: complexity, conflict, change and uncertainty. It suggests that to develop effective policies and management responses, a combination of adaptive management, carefully designed participatory processes and the precautionary principle must be used in a way that enhances social learning. A case study of Canadas Model Forest program is used to illustrate how the adaptive and participatory processes have been effective in dealing with uncertainty and complexity in Forest Management. Human activities over the decades have undoubtedly affected the environment. Industrialization and technological progress is one such activity that has been argued as the cause of great damage to the natural environment. Coupled to the increasing need to provide for the growing populations around the world, this has led to a myriad of environmental problems some of which have been described as messy or wicked. Rittel and Webber (1973) describe wicked environmental problems as defying classification and devoid of clear cut solutions. They have also been associated with radical uncertainty and plurality of legitimate perspectives (Funtowicz and Ravetz, 1991).They pose a great challenge to governance structures, knowledge and skills base as well as our organizational capacity. Amidst the vast technological advancements, these wicked problems still remain unraveled and elusive. What does this mean for natural resource management? This suggests that natural resource management has been plunged into an era of turbulence with diminishing effects of the conventional approach to problem solving. Policymakers and environmental managers will need to realize that there are no quick fixes or simple solutions as is the experience in dealing with tame problems. There is no single correct formulation of a particular problem since the definition of a wicked problem is subject to the beholder (Allen and Gould, 1986).In view of that, decision makers will have to implement policy without exploring all the feasible or possible options. Learning must become a central theme policymakers and natural resource managers may need to incorporate into their daily administration. Quite imperative also, is the realization that management approaches for dealing with wicked problems can only be optimal but never true or false. This essay attempts to suggest ways by which policymakers and natural resource managers can deal with the challenges that wicked and messy problems pose to natural resource managers. It begins by discussing four challenges that wicked problems present: change, conflict, complexity and uncertainty. It argues that since no single approach or model is sufficient for dealing with these problems, a combination of approaches that have proven to be helpful in mitigating the wickedness of these problems in the past must be used. Thus, a social learning network that combines the adaptive, participatory and precautionary approach is proposed. Its applicability is illustrated using Canadas Model Forest Program as a case study. One challenge that has been associated with wicked problems is complexity; a trait Gunderson (1999) suggests is inherent in natural resource problems. Complexity implies a difficulty in establishing cause and effect patterns due to the presence of interdependencies and multiple variables and is determined by the degree of uncertainty and social disagreement on a particular issue (Patton, 2011). For example, the condition and trend exhibited by wildlife populations are as a result of the interactions between factors such as prior population, weather, predators, habitat, disease, off-site factors and chance events. If there is species decline in a population, which of these factors can be blamed for this outcome? The answer is not as simple as solving a mathematical problem since the problem may be caused by one or many of the factors acting in concert. Complexity is seen to exist in two forms: technical and social complexity. The former is linked to limitations in quality of information and a deficiency in knowledge systems. This makes problem-diagnosis very hectic and introduces high levels of uncertainty. The social aspect on the other hand, emanates from difficulties in the coordination of information, activities and stakeholders across several disciplines. The differences in views, values, perception and beliefs of various stakeholders introduce conflict: another challenge in resolving wicked environmental problems. The diversity and range of stakeholder values is normally a recipe for conflict in decision-making. There is often little consensus on what the problem is, let alone a general solution (Ritchey, 2005).This brings into sharp focus the issue of problem-framing. Disagreements on what the problem may be is often commonplace and arguably a major contributor to conflicts. For example, a water resource controversy in Colorado started over a proposed dam (Bingham, 1986).Some parties declined to participate in the discussion until the question of whether or not a dam was needed was answered. Others thought, a dam was the only way to solve the water shortage problem. However, asking the question how much water do we need? is crucial to understanding the problem at hand. The assumption of knowing the solution before exploring the problem further has mainly been associated with experts who may see new problems as exactly as old ones (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1982). Also, the difficulties in reconciling the different values and perception of stakeholders have left most environmental management issues engulfed in appeals and litigation. For example, Cape plc. and RTZ have been sued in British courts for environmental damage and for breach of employment rights in Africa. The growing disputes and litigation in environmental issues has made conflict resolution quite an important concept in environmental management. However, the presence of conflicting values, risk and uncertainty does not mean a definite decision cannot be taken. It only stresses the managers need to think beyond the traditional approach to problem framing and problem solving. As discussed earlier, the various interdependencies and multiple variables in wicked environmental problem makes change an inevitable phenomenon. Horst Rittel in his paper Dilemmas in General Theory of Planning explains that when dealing with wicked problems one must recognize that every wicked problem is a symptom of another problem. Considering the fact that ecosystems, societies, knowledge, technologies and public attitudes are so dynamic it is reasonable for management strategies and practices to be dynamic as well. Policies must continually be adapted to change as well as constructed for local application.Lindbloom (1979) suggests that the only way to ensure consistent progress in dynamic and uncertain situations is to take incremental steps that are bold enough to leave room for possible errors that enhance learning. Contributing to more wickedness is the challenge of uncertainty. Unfortunately, the complexity encountered in environmental and resource management leaves little or no choice than to make decisions in the face of uncertainty. In a complex open system like the environment, knowledge has limits and certainty is far-fetched. Wynne (1992) differentiates among four types of uncertainty: risk, uncertainty, ignorance and indeterminacy. Uncertainty plays outs in situations when the odds are not known. For instance, the contribution of greenhouse gases to global warming has been established however, the precise relationships and potential feedback mechanisms between parameters such as clouds, global air circulation, heat absorption by water, land and so on remain uncertain due to complexity. In essence, the recognition of the kinds of uncertainty may help to identify which plans or approaches are most appropriate. In view of the challenges wicked problems present, environmental management and policymaking must build resilience if it must be effective in mitigating the impact of wicked problems. Policymaking and practice must be adaptive to keep up with their ever changing nature. The complexity, uncertainty and conflict component must be catered for by carefully designing participatory processes that enhance learning. The next section of this essay will shed light on the management responses that must be considered to make policymaking and natural resource management effective for dealing with wicked problems. Adaptive management is one management strategy that can deal with scientific uncertainty and real world examples of its applicability are evident. The adaptive approach has been described as a learning approach that continually improves policy and practice in the face of uncertainty and a tool to frame philosophical, methodological and practical challenges that come with natural resource management (Holling, 1978). This approach has been recognized by international interdisciplinary efforts such as the sustainability science program (Clark and Dixon, 2003), the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) and the Equator Initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 2005) as having the potential to deal with the complexity of socio ecological processes while enhancing learning. The effectiveness of adaptive management in some cases is not fully realized due to short term project frames, rigid targets and a focus on success prompt managers who use conventional methods thoug h encouraged by government rhetoric to make use of adaptive approaches (Allan and Curtis, 2005). To enhance the practicality of adaptive management, co- management has been brought in to cater for the social uncertainties and institutional barriers that may rise. This has led to adaptive co-management, an approach that combines adaptive and collaborative management. Here, rights and responsibilities are jointly shared to better combat the challenges that wicked problems may bring. Collaboration in essence, demonstrates the need for carefully designed public participation. Public participation has become an entrenched concept in the formulation, implementation and management of environmental issues owing to its suitability for addressing the interests of multiple stakeholders and reducing conflict. It is quite common to see National and subnational governments require the input of the public in managing and developing of environmental policy. An example being the US National Environmental Policy Act and the US Federal Advisory Committee Act. Thus, participation in decision-making is increasingly being regarded as a democratic right (Reed, 2008). Increasing calls for public participation rests on many factors including growing distrust of public institutions and officials, increasing legislative requirements for public participation, the complexity and uncertainty of contemporary problems, different risk perceptions and a growing recognition that decisions are not entirely scientific but social values and politics are inherent in all administrative deci sions. Participatory processes also have a challenge of identifying groups of stakeholders and bringing these interests together in an environment conducive for learning (Gray, 1989).It has also been associated with intensive resource commitments (money, time and human capital), prolonged decision making, reduced decision quality, increased conflict and diminished likelihood of a successful outcome (Steelman, 2001). However on the whole, participatory processes are assets rather than liabilities. A case study that demonstrates the ongoing success of adaptive management and participatory approach in Forest Management is Canadas Model Forest Program. To reduce uncertainty and complexity while promoting the development of innovative ideas and sustainability, the Federal government initiated Canadas model Forest Program in 1992. The Program consists of eleven model forests across Canada, selected to reflect the diversity of ecosystems and social systems present in Canadas Forest environment. Each model forest is designed to function as a living laboratory where novel integrated forest management techniques are researched, developed, applied and monitored in a transparent forum that engages and partners with stakeholders from environmental organizations, industry, native groups, educational and research institutions, community based associations, recreationists and landowners as well as all levels of government The success from this adaptive approach have been many and includes t he development of voluntary wetland conservation programs for private lands; establishment of protocols for reporting on socio economic indicators based on Statistics Canadas census data; developing an ecosystem-integrated resource management plan for the Province of Saskatchewan, production of a code of forestry practice to help landowners understand and apply the principles of sustainable forest management; establishment of the Grand River Reserve to protect three eco-regions and habitat for the endangered Newfoundland pine marten. The Precautionary approach is one possible response that proves very essential for dealing with wicked problems in the face of uncertainty and risk. Some scholars assert that it is a powerful tool for protecting human health and the environment under uncertain conditions (Cameron and Aboucher, 1991) whiles other think it is ill- defined, unscientific and of little value to policymaking (Manson, 2002). Still many nations have some form of precautionary principle in place when confronted with uncertain health risks though they may not explicitly refer to it (Zander, 2010). Under the precautionary principle, the absence or lack of evidence concerning the harmful nature of a substance or practice cannot serve as a justification for delaying action to regulate them (Raffensperger and Tickner, 1999). For example, the issue of global warming usually includes arguments that either favour business-as-usual or the precautionary principle. Opponents against the principle base their arguments on scientific uncertainty regarding how humans have contributed to climate change and the severity of effects that may occur. They generally advocate for further research to reduce the uncertainties before costly emission-reduction policies are implemented. Advocates of the precautionary approach on the other hand argue that the likely adverse effects of the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are serious enough to justify potentially costly regulation despite remaining uncertainties. Today, based on the precautionary principle various moves are being made to reduce the carbon footprint by investing in green technology. Though we do not know the outcome of these actions, it is prudent to try to mitigate its impact on future climatic conditions than do nothing at all. Indeed, the challenges wicked environmental problems present may seem overwhelming and daunting. However to combat these challenges, environmental managers must first realize that wicked problems have no single correct formulation and hence quit searching for one. They must also develop long term learning networks through adaptive management and carefully designed participatory processes that are truly flexible. Lastly, precaution must be utilized in planning processes to avoid creating more wicked problems in the future.

East vs West :: Comparative, Rukmani and Kenny

In Nectar in a Sieve, Rukmani and Kenny highlight the differences in the two cultures, showing how the two cultures have different standards for relationships and how Westerners try to change suffering and poverty while Easterners accept it. As Rukmani points out to Kenny, â€Å"Have I not so much sense to see that you are not one of us? You live and work here†¦ but this is not your country† (Markandaya 106). Kenny and Rukmani are friends, but their different values on subservience in relationships and suffering cause them to butt heads during most of their conversations. Rukmani and Kenny’s conversations show how Easterners value respect and reverence, while Westerners put and emphasis on equality. After Kenny helps her conceive, Rukmani bends down to kiss Kenny’s feet, thinking she is showing respect. Kenny doesn’t like it: â€Å"He withdrew [his feet] quickly and told me to get up. ‘I am not your benefactor’† (Markandaya 32). Similarly, Rukmani is hesitant to ask about Kenny’s family because it is personal: â€Å"Of himself he did not speak†¦ I held my tongue, for I felt to ask would be to offend him† (Markandaya 33). Both of these events show how the two cultures misunderstand each other. Kenny doesn’t like when Rukmani kisses his shoes because he doesn’t feel above her, but she is just trying to be nice. And Rukmani doesn’t understand what will and won’t offend Kenny because her culture doesn’t encourage asking personal questions. Their conversations show more deeply how each culture views marital relationships. Rukmani only sees Kenny for her fertility problems when her husband won’t find out; she believes he will be angry (Markandaya 21). She also only takes Ira to Kenny when her husband leaves town: â€Å"I (Rukmani) waited all day [to see you]. My husband will be back soon and the I cannot come† (Markandaya 59). Though she subverts it, Rukmani is limited by her belief she cannot disobey her husband. Instead, since she doesn’t ask his permission, she can’t break his rules. Kenny scorns this, saying, â€Å"You people will never learn. It is pitiful to see your foolishness† (Markandaya 59). In Kenny’s country, women have rights. They can even divorce their husbands, as Kenny’s wife does. Rukmani fails to understand how this woman can leave her husband and wonders if it’s Kenny’s long absences. They discuss women’s role, Rukmani says, â₠¬Å"A woman’s place is with her husband† Kenny replies, â€Å"You simplify everything†¦ Your views are so limited it is impossible to explain to you† (Markandaya 106).

Titration Lab

Lab Report: Titration Lab Prepare a solution of a given concentration; understand titration including acid-base reactions, pH, stoichiometry and molar equivalence. Chemicals and equipment: NaOH pellets close to purity, HCl 3M, phenolphtalein Beckers, flasks, burette, magnetic or manual stir pHmeter Waste management: The waste disposal will be handled through neutralization of your excess reactant to a pH between 4. 0 and 10. 0 and disposal with abundant rinsing. As a preparation for the lab you may want to practice with The experiment: We will do a titration in which the reaction type is acid-base.The equivalence point is characterized by a sharp change of pH which can be followed with a pHmeter. A graph of pH versus concentration will indicate the molar equivalence at the inflexion point of the curve. The point observed experimentally is never exactly the molar equivalence but a â€Å"best estimate† and is given the name â€Å"end point†. It is easier and cheaper to id entify the end point with an indicator instead a pHmeter. Some chemicals such as phenolphthalein will change color when the pH changes sharply between two given values called the indicator’s range.The range of phenolphthalein is 8. 3 to 10. 0. The shape of a pH curve varies widely with the type of reactants and needs to be taken into account when choosing an indicator. We will titrate a strong base (NaOH) of unknown concentration with a strong acid (HCl). The objective is to find the purity of NaOH pellets. The pellets are close to purity but not 100 % because NaOH is very hydrophilic and the pellets are likely to be slightly hydrated. The procedure: The first part of the laboratory experiment will be the preparation of the reactants and the choice of an indicator.You will need to prepare the analyte, a solution of NaOH, of a chosen concentration and volume and prepare a solution of HCl, the titrant, accordingly. Accordingly means that the end point should be reached after th e delivery of manageable volume. If a 50. ml burette is used the volume to be delivered should be between 15. ml and 40 ml. The chosen concentration of NaOH means the concentration of NaOH that you would obtain if the tablets were pure, with the understanding the objective of the titration is to give you a more accurate measurement that you will use to calculate the purity of the tablet.Acid-base chemistry tells us that the reaction between the hydronium and hydroxide ions is extensive and that the pH of the equivalence point should be close to 7. You will design a titration procedure indicating the reactants, the equipment, the data to be collected and the calculations. You will then proceed with two or three measurements depending on the precision of the first two. Your report will review the chemical background, present the data and the result and justify in your error analysis the number of significant figures of your reported concentration.Trial 2| | Initial Volume of HCL in bu rret 0. 1M| 50. 00 ml| Drops of phenolphtalein| 2| Volume of NaOh in beaker 0. 1M| 15. 0 ml| Final measurement after titration| 24. 4| Initial PH| 12. 8| Final PH| 6. 8| Data: Trial 1| | Initial Volume of HCL in burret 0. 1M| 50. 0ml| Drops of phenolphtalein| 2| Volume of NaOh in beaker 0. 1M| 15. 0ml| Final measurement after titration| 24. 3| Initial PH| 12. 9| Final PH| 6. 5| Calculations HCl + NaOH > NaCl + H2O moles HCl = moles NaOH MHCl  x volumeHCl  = MNaOH  x volumeNaOHMHCl  = MNaOH  x volumeNaOH  / volumeHCl MHCl  = 25. 00 ml x 1. 00 M / 50. 00 ml MHCl  = 0. 50 M HCl Conclusion A titration was performed using 50ml of 0. 1M HCl and appropriate amount of NaOH solution. Titration was repeated 2 times to find the amount of NaOH used to achieve endpoint. 24. 2 And 24. 5 is final measurement. The average of the trial is 24. 3 mL. The molarity of NaOH was found by using the M1V1 = M2V2 equation, resulting in 1. 1 M of NaOH. Discussion In the Titrations Lab, 50. 0 mL of 0. M HCl and appropriate amount of NaOH were titrated to find  the molarity of NaOH and the pH of the solution after x mL of NaOH has been added. The lab discussed the difference between equivalence point, the point at which the reaction between titrant and unknown is complete, and the endpoint, the point where the indicator turns color. The color change occurs when the concentration of more dominant form is ten times as great as the less dominant. However, color changes in a solution does not necessarily equal to the equivalence point.Equivalence point can be found by observing the indicator, or using a pH meter and finding midpoint of vertical line in the titration curve. Endpoints can be found by observing the color change of the indicator. The titration lab also involved indicators. Indicators are substances which undergoes a color change in the pH interval of the equivalence point, allowing physical observation of pH change. Most indicators are weak acids, so protons shif t from acid to conjugate base. The concentrations of indicators in a solution do not change molarity value.

Two Party Systems

Two Party Systems Introduction The federal elections of Australia were held on Saturday 21st august 2010 for the 43rd parliament of Australia. Labor party and the coalition of liberals/national each won 72 seats, thus each falling below the 76 majority required for election victory.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Two Party Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This resulted in a hung parliament for the first time since the 1940’s election when these two parties started dominating Australia politics. Three independent M.P’s and national party of Western Australia M.P declared support for the labor party meaning labor party formed a minority government (Radio Australia 1). This essay looks at how the 2010 Australian federal elections have demonstrated that the two party systems are no longer relevant in the society. Definition A political party is an organization of people who share the same ideas of governance and who se members are committed to party goals. They also get candidates elected to office and have laws passed to aid in party management. There are three party systems which end up making one party state, two party states and multiparty states. Australia is a two party state system as two parties have been exchanging power since 1949. They are the liberal and labor parties though there are minority parties as well (George Standards Organization 1). Democracy is a political system operating under the principles of constitutionalism, representative government, majority rule, civilian rule and minority rights (Miami Dade College 1). Two party systems is an electoral arrangement in which two or more parties compete for the support of the electorate and control of the government. Each party has a chance of winning the election. Minority parties in a two party system do not have a chance of winning the election.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can he lp you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A two party contest is affected by realignments and to some extend the minority parties affect the two major parties by leading to a scenario as was witnessed in Australia (PSCI 1). Political institutions are concerned with the preservation of social order within a specified authority. Examples of political institutions include political parties, trade unions, lobby groups and special interest groups. These groups constitute and define the layers of the political process together with their interdependences (University of Munchen 1). History The two party systems started back in 1891 in Australia with the rise of the labor party as a political party in 1909 after the protectionist and free traders joined hands to form the party. In 1946, the modern liberal party was formed by Sir Robert Menzies. From then it has been about two political parties competing for public votes during elections over the years. The labor p arty is oldest party in Australia today and is a social democratic party that believes in government as a positive force in the community that is free to intervene in the operation of the economy to improve outcomes. The labor party also believes that all members of society should have access to quality and affordable housing as well as education and houses (Australia History 1). The liberal party believe advocates for sustainable equality, affirmative action, social and cultural rights, believes in government’s interference in individual’s lives to ensure justice is achieved. They favor interventionist, regulated market economic policies (Australia Politics 1). Irrelevance of two party systems to our society today The two parties have divided the Australian society into two fragments. The two parties have left the society with the choice of embracing either of the ideologies of the parties making it a bit unfair as there are no varieties of ideologies apart from the t wo ideologies from the labor and liberal parties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Two Party Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From 1949 to date, the two major political parties have being playing an endless game of tug-of-war. The major reason for the constant switching back and forth between these two parties appears to be that the country has different needs at different times and voters tend to alternate these two parties according to their needs (Social Welfare 1). The switching of needs is not considered a good idea as those ideas which will act as the opportunity cost will still be needed to be implemented in the society. It has been argued out that the ideologies presented by both parties are significant for the growth of the Australian society and thus the two party systems which dictates that one system has to be adopted does not actually enhance justice by the fact that it denies the society one of the choices that they need (Conservative 1). Liberals believe in sustainable equality, affirmative action, social and cultural rights; they also believe in government’s interference in individual’s lives to ensure justice is achieved. They favor interventionist and regulated market economic policies (Liberal Party of Australia 1). The labor party believes in formal equality and that everyone should be treated equally under the law and government. They also believe in laissez –faire market economic policies and individuals controlling their own lives (Martin 1). Concerning the politics in Australia, it has been argued that: There can be no argument about the ubiquity, pervasiveness and centrality of party in Australia. The forms, processes and content of politics– executive, parliament, pressure groups, bureaucracy, issues and policymaking – are imbued with the influence of party, party rhetoric, party policy, and party doctrine. Government is party government. Elections are essentially party contests and the mechanics of electoral systems are determined by party policies and party advantages. Legislatures are party chambers. Legislators are overwhelmingly party members. The majority of electors follow their party identification. Politics in Australia, almost entirely, are party politics. (Marsh 1)Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The two party systems were based on electoral and organizational foundations. It is where activists and interest groups were brought together through party forums. Activists and special interest groups were allowed into party conferences and committees to influence formation of strategic political agenda. Actually the parties through the party brands gave enough cues for the formation of opinion by most electors on most issues. This led to strategic policy developments which were internalized within the two major parties. Today, these developments that greatly shaped the strong foundational features of the bi-party system dominance have been undermined and in some instances left out completely (Rush 1). The Australian society is growing in diversity shown by the proliferation of interest groups and social movements. These new groups of social movements show citizen identities’ in a new diversity not experienced before. These groups are not equal in terms of size, political sk ills, budgets, organizational sophistication and campaigning capacities. These groups are durable and they represent and sustain an interest for a long time seeking to persuade the undecided. These groups of organizations fill the void between the two political parties and the community. Most of these new groups advocate either for new issues or are defenders of traditional approaches like the anti-abortion and anti-euthanasia groups. Hence, party activists nowadays don’t have strong allegiance to one or other party and the way issues are introduced in the national stage has shifted. Today party forums are no longer the principal ground for activists. Party’s internal process no longer provides the means for acceptability of proposals or for seeding opinion formation (Marsh 1). The two party systems tend to distort national capabilities to mostly inform the public on long term issues. There are three different restraints that work towards derailing an informed discussi on on long term issues. They arise from the dynamics of the electoral contest between the two parties, second is the way the formal system distributes responsibilities of dealing with long term issues and lastly information available to guide public opinion about policy needs and priorities (Marsh 1). The two party systems has brought in one major deficiency in the form of fake enmity where the government declares a contentious issue to be white and public opinion is mostly divided or uncertain; the likely outcome is that the opposition will declare it to be black. As in early times, if the opposition was the government today, they would have supported a similar approach (March 1). What happens is that when public opinion is divided, the opposition tends to see this as a chance to gain from the public by going the popular way by championing contrasting views even if what they are championing for is not all that good for the public; all they care for is political impact (Australia Po litics 1). Today there is an â€Å"overlap in and convergence between the agendas of political parties and the initiative in promoting agendas is shared with other organizations. Issues only come to the arena after the government has decided what to do which encourages posturing and attention to electoral advantage† (Australia Politics 1). This leads to the two major political parties creating differences even when they do not exist hence these two major parties make issues that they know will shift debate away from matters that lack national importance (Australia Politics 1). The two party competition systems has also led to the inability to have public conversation and debates about long term issues mostly caused by organizational features of the formal making structure (Theodore and Romance 20). This is caused by an executive overload where a small number of people determine what issues will have standing on the formal political agenda. The leaders involved in setting the agenda include the prime minister, senior ministers and heads of major coordinating departments. Their work involves day to day running of the country and ministerial work plus running the departments and yet they control the recognition and management of strategic issues which later translates to a weak capacity of the system to process issues mostly in a strategic phase (March 1). The second deficiency of the two party systems lies in lack of access for interests groups and social movements to engage the attention of the formal system. These groups do have access and means to bring out and argue their issues but they face two problems (Disch 23). The first problem arises when they are arguing their case one-on-one basis and second is when such access is highly imbalanced. A good illustration is where regular access is given to the chief executive officers of Australian banks having access to the federal treasurer; this access is not granted to consumer organizations or the unions. The other problem arises where groups advocating a particular course of action have no venue where their views can be tested against those of others. This leads to sustained lobbying campaigns to develop public pressure as their views are not heard by the major parties (Marsh 1). When there is a disconnect between the two political parties, a challenge arises in the form of focusing on specific party disagreements which leads to lack of focus on important national issues and long term issues: â€Å"the corrupt farce that is our two-party system should be dismantled; parties give us temptations to attack opponents, become demagogues, and garner followers, distracting us from seeking the true good of the country† (Conservative 1). The two-party setup in Australia has divided the nation among two lines. Having names and labels for different political persuasions can be helpful, but they have too often led to pigeonholing and name-calling which hampers a free exchange of ideas. â€Å"Liberal and labor, conservative and liberal, right and left† (Conservative 1) have degenerated into terms used to ostracize and vilify the opposition and to stifle discussion of topics deemed politically incorrect. Conclusion The two parties system is comprised and does not offer the best choice for the public. It has been seen that this system offers a nation two choices to choose from. In such kind of a situation, the public has to forgo one of the options which might not necessarily be wrong. There is a need for the system to be changed as the two parties system does not seem to fully address the issues affecting a nation. The issue of the party having equally votes after elections have been carried out also matters and such a tie is not likely to happen in case of a single party system or a multi-party system. Australian History. Australian History: Political History. Australian History, n.d. Web. Australian Politics. Federal Elctions. Australia Politics, 2011. Web . https://australianpolitics.com/ Conservative. Conservative Intellectual, 2011. Political Cortex, 2007. Web. Disch, Lisa. The tyranny of the two-party system. New York: Prentice Hall, 2002. Print. Georgia Standards Organisation. Politics. Georgia standards, n.d. https://www.georgiastandards.org/Pages/default.aspx Liberal party of Australia. Politics. Party Politics. Liberal party of Australia, n.d. Web. https://www.liberal.org.au/ Marsh, Ian. what-next-for-the-two-party-system. CPD Organization, 2010. Web. https://cpd.org.au/2010/08/what-next-for-the-two-party-system/ Martin, Nick. Australia Politics. ALP, 2011. Web. https://www.alp.org.au/ Miami Dade College. Political Economic System. Miami Dade College, 2005. Web. PSCI. Two Party Sytem. PSCI, 2011. Web. http://politicalscience.unt.edu/ Radio Australia. Australia Politics. Radio Australia, 2011. Web. https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/ Rush, Ian. Politics. Australia Politics, 2011. Web. Social Welfare. The Two Party System. S ocial Welfare, 2011. Web. intellectualconservative.com/ Theodore, Lowi and Romance, Joseph. A republic of parties: debating the two-party system. New York: Cengage Learning, 1998. Print. University of Munchen. Politics. University of Munchen, 2005. May 25, 2011. https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3165/1/Boerner_Kira_Astrid.pdf

What is there to investigate Essays

What is there to investigate Essays What is there to investigate Essay What is there to investigate Essay I am going to investigate the effect of how friction acts on a cylinder rolling across a carpet after going down a ramp at a selected angle.Here is a diagram of the apparatus that I will use:Apparatus (The set-up of the items that Im going to use)What it all means and what I will need to measureCylinder 1,2 and 3 represent one cylinder at different stages. Cylinder 1 is the starting point of the cylinder. Cylinder 2 is just before the cylinder goes onto the carpet. Cylinder 1s Potential Energy and Cylinder 2s Kinetic energy are the same value. Cylinder 3 is where the Cylinder has stopped. I will measure the distance that the Cylinder has rolled from the carpet (d), after the Cylinder has left the ramp. I will also measure the height (perpendicular to the carpet) at which the Cylinder falls from. I may also need to measure the mass of the Cylinder. This will help us to work out the potential and kinetic energy. But I wont have to do this till a later stage.Howe ver, I will not need to measure the angle of the slope, because that will always stay the same through out the test (We had to choose one of eight slots in which to put the ramp. If it did not stay the same, it would be an angle versus distance and we are trying to find out height (h) versus distance).Method1. I will set-up the apparatus how it is shown in the diagram.2. I make sure the carpet is right in-line with the ramp.3. I make a rough table of results (in the back of my neat book) making the column headers Height of Ramp and Distance Rolled by the Cylinder4. Then, with a small ruler, measure the height of the place on the ramp where I will start to roll the cylinder from, and make a little mark.5. I write the h (height) in the necessary row.6. I put the cylinder onto the ramp. I let the cylinder go.7. When the cylinder stops rolling on the carpet, I will take the metre ruler, and make sure that the start of the ruler is on exactly the start of the carpet, and I will measure h ow far the cylinder rolls.8. I will write the distance in the correct row and column.9. I then will take another place on the ramp 0.5cm lower.10. I now will repeat steps 4-9 until I have a height of about 0.8cm.11. Then I will copy the results up in neatWhat I Will and will not MeasureI will measure the distance that the Cylinder has rolled from the carpet, after the Cylinder has left the ramp. I will also measure the height (perpendicular to the carpet) at which the Cylinder falls from. I may also need to measure the mass of the Cylinder. This will help us to work out the potential and kinetic energy. But I wont have to do this till a later stage.However, I will not need to measure the angle of the slope, because that will always stay the same through out the test (We had to choose one of eight slots in which to put the ramp. If it did not stay the same, it would be an angle versus distance and we are trying to find out height versus distance). I will also not need to measure the length of the slope.I think what will happen is that the height will be directly proportional to the distance rolled by the cylinder, but I must prove it.What is some Science Involved?Some science involved in this is that the kinetic energy at the bottom of the ramp where the cylinder rolled is equal to the potential energy at the top of where you have started to roll the cylinder. Right in the middle of where you started and the end of the ramp; the Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy are the same.When rolling on the carpet, all the Potential Energy has gone, but there is heat energy. This is caused by friction. In this experiment, two things are affected by friction.The greater the friction there is between the ball and the surface upon which it is rolling, the more quickly it will stop moving. The smoothness of the carpet will also affect how long it will take the ball to stop rolling, for example, smooth sand compared to sand with bumps so make sure all surfaces are as level as possible. In this case the carpet is not very smooth so there will be more friction.PredictionMy prediction will be that the more height there is from the carpet the further the cylinder travels. Therefore they will be proportional.Science involved?If the height doubles, the so does the distance rolled. So what I will use is the distance rolled divide by height. The reason is because when I do this, I predict the answer will be repeated all the time (e.g. if the height is 7 and the distance is 70, D/H would be 10, and if the height was 6, Id expect the distance to be 60, because 60/6=10.)A bit of Working out to Test the PredictionP.E=Potential Energy, m=mass, g=gravity, h= height, f=force, d=distance.P.E=mgh and P.E=fdTherefore mgh=fdI have predicted that h will be directly proportional to d, so mg must be proportional to f.An example: M=0.1, G=10, H= 0.05cm, F=0.083333FD = 0.05 JD = 0.05/0.083333D =0.60If this example is the correct formula, then I have it.Preliminary ResultsThese are the preliminary results:Height of Ramp (cm)Distance (cm)6.8815.3653.8472.3270.87I will collect 13 results. This means I will release the cylinder 13 times at regular intervals of 0.5cm (39 in total because I will collect the reading three times and take the average distance.What have I done?I obtained all the readings at 1.5cm intervals from the heights 0.8cm 6.8cm, which covered a good range because it is measured right from the bottom of the ramp and from the top of the ramp (with the same angle).What will I do?I will obtain all the readings at 0.5cm intervals from the heights 0.8cm 6.8cm, that covers a good range because it is measured right from the bottom of the ramp and from the top of the ramp (with the same angle).Were there any problems? If so what will I do?There were quite a few problems. Some problems that appeared were that:1. There was a drop in between the end of the ramp and carpet. This would not be a fair test because a drop would mean a sort of bounce, which would slow the cylinder down rapidly. What I will do overcome this problem was to place three equal size books, which ensures that there is no drop to the carpet.2. I also think there would have been some human error, but this would be a very minor, e.g. you may accidentally push the cylinder slightly.3. You may start the cylinder in slightly the wrong place. There a big range in the results so I will take the reading three times, and then I will work out the average.What will I do with the Readings to test the prediction?I will make a hand-drawn line graph to show Height v Distance. Distance will be on the x-axis because that is the thing I am trying to find out. On the y-axis will be the height because I can change that manually. I will then draw in the line of best fit. If the graph goes through 0,0 and is straight, then my prediction will be right.I have done a computer graph just to test my prediction. But this is not the final Graph.This is the Computer Graph:It is almost a v ery straight graph and very nearly goes through 0,0. This is only the preliminary graph and it looks right (according to my prediction.)Height of Ramp (cm)Distance (cm)6.8826.3765.8705.3654.8604.3543.8473.3402.8352.3281.8221.3150.89From the evidence I have obtained, I can see straight away that the higher the cylinder is up the ramp, the further the cylinder goes on the carpet. For every 0.5 of a centimetre the height increases, the height increases by 5, 6 or 7 (Average of 6.1666666666.).The speed that the Cylinder rolls down the ramp at can be found by firstly finding the kinetic energy (KE). The KE at the bottom of the ramp is the same as the PE at the top of the ramp. The mass of the cylinder was 250g. The height of the ramp was 6.8 cm. The length of it was 55 cm.KE gained = PE lostPE lost = mgh.PE lost =0.25 x 10 x .068PE lost =0.17JKE gained =0.17JKE =1/2mvà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.17J =1/2 x 0.25 x và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.17J =0.125 x và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ =0.17 / 0.125Và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ =1.36m/s V = 1.36VELOCITY =1.1661m/sThe acceleration can be worked out: (và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½=uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+2as)(a=và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)2sS (Distance) :0.55mU (Initial velocity) :0V (Final velocity) :1.16m/sA (Acceleration)* :?T (Time) :*Where a is a constantvà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½=uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+2as1.36 = 0 + 2(A x 0.55)1.36 = 2(0.55 x A)a = 1.36 / 1.1ACCELERATION = 1.2 m/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1d.p)Now, we can now work out the deceleration on the carpet.S:0.82mU:1.16m/sV:0m/sA:?T:và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½=uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+2as0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½=1.16à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+ 2(82 x a)0 =1.36 + 1.64a-1.36= 1.64aa = -1.36 / 1.64DECELERATION = 0.8296m/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The time taken for the cylinder to roll between the foot of the ramp and the place where the cylinder stops can be worked out:S:0.82mU:1.16m/sV:0m/sA:0.8296m/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½T:S=1/2(u+v)t0.82=1/2 x (1.16 +0)t0.82=0.58tt=0.82/0.58TIME=1.413sIt takes the cylinder 1.413s to stop.That is when the cylinder is released at 6.8cm highWhen the same cylinder is released at 3.3cm high, the velocity of the cylinder can be worked out:PE lost = mgh.PE lost =0.25 x 10 x .033PE lost =0.0825JKE gained =0.0825JKE =1/2mvà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½KE =0.08250.0825 =1/2 x 0.25 x và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.0825 =0.125 x và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.0825 / 0.125 =và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ =0.66m/sVELOCITY =0.812 m/sThe acceleration can be worked out: (và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½=uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+2as)(a=và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)2sS (Distance) :0.27mU (Initial velocity) :0V (Final velocity) :0.8m/s (1d.p)A (Acceleration)* :?T (Time) :*Where a is a constantvà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½=uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+2as, a=và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2sa =0.660.44ACCELERATION =1.2m/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1d.p)The deceleration on the carpet can be worked out(a = và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)2sS:0. 40U:0.812m/sV:0A:T:a=và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2sa= -0.6590.8DECELERATION= 0.8m/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1d.p)The time for this need to be worked outS:0.40U:0.81m/sV:0A:0.8T:?S=1/2(u+v)t0.4 = 1/2 x (0.81+0)t0.4 =0.405tt =0.4/0.405TIME =0.99sAnother example is when the cylinder was released at 1.8cm hig h. The velocity can be worked out:PE lost = mgh.PE lost =0.25 x 10 x 0.018PE lost =0.045JKE gained =0.045JKE =1/2mvà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.045 =1/2 x 0.25 x và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.045 =0.125và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ =0.045 / 0.125và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ =0.36VELOCITY =0.6m/sThe acceleration on the ramp can be worked out:(và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½=uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½+2as)Or: a = và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2sS:0.15mU:0m/sV:0.6m/sA:?T:a=0.360.3ACCELERATION = 1.2m/sThe deceleration on the carpet can be worked out:S:0.22U:0.6m/sV:0A:?T:a = và ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2sa = -0.360.44DECELERATION= 0.8m/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1.d.p)The time for this can also be worked out:S=1/2(u+v)tS:0.22U:0.6m/sV:0A:0.8m/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½T:0.22 =1/2(0.6+0)t0.22 =0.3tt =0.22/0.3TIME= 0.73333.sCylinder released at 6.8cmCylinder released at 3.3 cmCylinder released at 1.8cmVelocity at the end of the Ramp1.17m/s0.81m/s0.6m/sAcceleration on Ramp1.2 m/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.2 m/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.2 m/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Deceleration on carpet0.8 m/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.8 m/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.8 m/sà ƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Time taken to stop1.4 sec0.99sec0.7333secThe most obvious things to spot are that the acceleration and the deceleration are the same all the time. This is because there is the same gradient slope is the same and the force of gravity is the same.To get the velocity for a certain height, I have created a formula:It is the height at which the cylinder falls from, divided by 5, and then square root that numberOr: (h/5) = velocityTo find the time taken to stop, you do: height at which the cylinder falls from, divided by 5, and then square root that number and then multiply it by 1.21.2 (h/5)So, I predict that on a cylinder where the height of where it falls is 4.3 cm, the speed of the cylinder at the of the ramp is:4.3/5=0.860.86 =0.927m/sThe time taken for it to stop on the carpet is0.927 x 1.2= 1.112s.The results that I got agree with my earlier prediction because I said, My prediction will be that the more height there is from the carpet the further the cylinder travels. Th erefore they will be proportional. If the height doubles, the so does the distance rolled. So what I will use is the distance rolled divide by height. The reason is because when I do this, I predict the answer will be repeated all the time (e.g. if the height is 7 and the distance is 70, D/H would be 10, and if the height was 6, Id expect the distance to be 60, because 60/6=10.) I was right about this because:When the cylinder was dropped at 6.8cm, it went 82cmWhen the cylinder was dropped at 2.3cm, it went 2882/6.8 = 12.1 (1d.p)28/2.3 = 12.2 (1d.p)They are not exact, but this is de to slight human error, perhaps placing the cylinder 1 or 2mm from the actual starting place.From my graph (Distance travelled by cylinder on carpet versus Height of the Ramp), I saw that the points would not join in a straight line. But then I drew in the line of best fit. This line goes through 0,0 and is straight, so my prediction was right.My conclusion is that for every single millimetre that the cyl inder gets moved higher on the ramp, as long as there is a slope, the more distance the cylinder will travel on the carpet. This is because of gravity, which has a weight of 10N (9.8N). There is friction that is caused by the rolling of the cylinder on the carpet. The Kinetic Energy at the bottom is the same as the Potential Energy at the top. Potential Energy is the same as mass x gravity x height, force x distance. Kinetic Energy is the same as 1/2mass x velocityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½By working out the Kinetic energy you could work out a lot of other things such as:* Velocity at the end of the Ramp* Acceleration on Ramp* Deceleration on carpet* Time taken to stop on the carpetTo sort out the drop in between the end of the ramp and carpet, the way to get out of that hurdle was simple. You had to place some things (I used 3 books) underneath the carpet, and should make the carpet in line with the bottom of the ramp. You should use something hard and flat (for smoothness).I have found out that the acceleration and, on the same slope, (deceleration on a flat surface), with the same cylinder, will always be the same in m/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.The further down a cylinder is on a slope, the faster it goes.Although the points on the graph are not exactly in a straight line, they are very close to being on a straight line. There are 3 possible inaccuracies in this experiment:* While one is releasing the cylinder on the ramp, he can inadvertently push or hinder the cylinder. Also, one may not place the cylinder on the ramp in exactly a straight line* The distance is only measured to the nearest centimetre and is subject to rounding up or down* The surface where the distance is measured may not be uniform so there is excessive or reduced friction.I think the method I used was good because the graph shows an almost perfect fit.It would be unlikely that these results would just be a coincidence.ConclusionThrough this evidence, a firm conclusion can be drawn, especially from the graph.The higher the cylinder is dropped from, the further the cylinder rolls on the carpet. The evidence of this is firmly supported by the graph. The graph was a straight line going, (or very close to) through 0,0.ImprovementsThe follow improvements would be recommended:* There should be a mechanism that holds the cylinder in place on the ramp, and at the intended height, the cylinder can be released without aiding or hindering it.* The ground surface must be uniform.* There should be a mechanism, which ensures that the cylinder is in a straight line at the release of it.* A computerised device that measures the distance in millimetres, or even micrometers could measure the distance that the cylinder travels.* The cylinder should be a perfect cylinder with perfect grooves or dents.Further workOne could:* For each point on the ramp, repeat the experiment ten times, and then take the average.* One could do the experiment with different sorts of cylinderso Wooden cylinderso Different metal cyl inderso Hollow cylinderso Different sized cylinders* One could repeat the experiment but instead of cylinders, one could use different spheres.Viren Shah GCSE Physics coursework Cylinder going down a ramp.

History of Classroom Inclusion essays

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Leadership Profile on Oprah Winfrey Research Paper

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Japanese Great Armor Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Japanese Great Armor Analysis - Research Paper Example The covering was chiefly worn by the higher positioning samurai on horseback. The lower positioning officers had covering that was like the Ã… -yoroi, however had less segments, was lighter, and failed to possess the embellishing markings of the higher positioning samurai1. The majority of the data thought about the Ã… -yoroi is taking into account the covering of the higher-positioning authorities since the shield was either given to a sanctuary as an offering or kept up by the relatives of the first wearer. Large portions of the first segments of the Ã… -yoroi still in presence have been supplanted after some time because of the things being lost or harmed. The few remaining cases of Ã… -yoroi are on showcase in galleries in a few distinctive nations. There are additionally a couple of cases of Ã… -yoroi in Shinto sanctums where they have been kept up and secured for quite a long time. Therefore, it can be said that the yoroi was for only the rich in the society and was seclud ed for the chosen few. It may have signified royalty as well. The essential parts of the Ã… -yoroi and other samurai protection are referred to altogether as the "hei-no-rokugu" or essentially "rokugu," which implies six articles of arms. The six noteworthy segments are the dÃ…  (midsection reinforcement), kabuto (protective cap), menpo (facial shield), kote(armoured sleeves), sune-consumed (shin covering), and the hai-date (thigh defensive layer). One particular propel over prior shields is that the kozane of Ã… -yoroi are initially bound together and afterward secured with polish, which improves imperviousness to corrosion. The dÃ…  of the Ã… -yoroi is one of a kind from later models in light of the fact that it is made out of two different parts rather than one piece with an opening as an afterthought or again of the dÃ…  to permit the samurai to put on the protection. The samurai class, speaking of a negligible seven to ten percent of the

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Aspects of employment among Chinese international students after graduated from universities in the UK - Dissertation Example The Center for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) is working hard to open opportunities between countries to provide educational services. The team is striving to assemble stakeholders from both educational sectors and trade in international forums. They focus mainly on assessing and maintaining records of cross border post secondary education and making all efforts to increase the demand of such education. They are also monitoring the pattern of quality development to see that international standards are maintained. Since the beginning of this century, various programs of cross border education have emerged. Such programs create the opportunities for many international benefits like educational institutes in all countries are focusing on developing an international approach in their systems. There are four mutually associated approaches behind such developments: â€Å"desire to promote mutual understanding; the migration of skilled workers in a globalised economy; the desir e of the institutions to generate additional revenues; or the need to build a more educated work-force in the home countries† (Internationalisation of Higher Education, 2004). There has been a rapid growth of international mobility of students in the last few years. In mid-1990s, OECD countries hosted around 85 percent of all students from across the world who have approached foreign education. Europe is the most popular choice for foreign students but North America ranks first in providing educational opportunities to all students striving for education abroad. Research has shown that 60 percent of all international students are from the Asian region (OECD, 2004, p.11). There are many other elements attached to cross border education that needs explanation. Globalization which means flow of people, culture, knowledge etc. across borders helps to promote interconnectivity and interdependence between nations. Education is one sector which is strongly affected by globalization. Then there is internationalisation of higher education which means making educational activities like teaching, research and service of international standard and also integrating intercultural elements into education system. There are also internationalisation activities which include agreements between institutes across borders, international or intercultural standardization of teaching process, mobility of teachers and students, and also campus based extracurricular activities. Another term associated with cross border education is trade of education services which focuses on â€Å"cross border education initiatives that are commercial in nature and are usually intended to be for-profit in nature† (Cross border tertiary education, 2007, pp.23-24). In recent times there has been a growing demand of post secondary education as well as profession based courses. There are various reasons behind this like increasing population in countries, increasing number of students complet ing their secondary education, growing demand for continuous education till late age and growth of consciousness regarding importance of education. It is now becoming difficult for public sectors to cope with the rising demand of higher education. Therefore, alternative processes of education are developing. Such processes include private sectors getting involved in providing education, emphasis on distance learning which has become more prominent with

Summarize Comm Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summarize Comm Theories - Essay Example The study of the scientific interpretation of information is supported by both the Schema Theory and the ELM. According to Woodland, (2011), the Schema Theory explains how human beings maintain sanity amid the information tide. The human mind is able to decode information and relate it to previous experiences to enhance communication. The ELM supports the Schema Theory by explaining that human beings do interpret information when they want to, but rely on signals that are unrelated to the information (Woodland, 2011). The study about communication and social order adopts a cross-sectional design methodology. The study has no time frame and it relies on comparisons to provide a visual image of the scientific interpretation of information. The major findings of the study relate communication to a system of mental focus whereby meanings are attached to information. In addition, social order is improved when there are forms that improve the social experience through communication. The findings are congruent with the communication theories discussed; hence resonate with my knowledge about communication and social order. The text supports the major theme that; through a scientific approach, human beings are able to interpret information and evaluate it through previous experiences for self-maintenance and social

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example Jurlique has been considered as an example for defining these parameters. It is one of the leading skincare brands of the Australia presently. The organization currently retails a varied range of more than 560 products that include skin care products, perfumes, hair care oils, facials as well as baby creams among others (Jurlique, 2013). Retail format The term, ‘retail format’ refers to the integrated supply chain system which is used by organisations to distribute the products to the ultimate customers. In today’s tumultuous business world, to achieve the desired success, retailers have to be abreast of the latest retail trends to get it imbibed in their retail format. Recognizing this global change, as per the report published by Australian Centre for Retail Studies (ACRC), innovation and compliance with customer needs can be regarded as the key attributes or success factors with respect to retail format where store locations as well as its decor play a vital ro le in persuading customers towards purchase (Australian Centre for Retail Studies, 2007). ... Source: Landini Associates (n.d.) In the current day scenario, market places are shaping as per global trend focusing on the profound changes in the modern retail sector. The locations of the retail stores thus become a vital parameter to attain the attention of the targeted consumers. Notably, when assessing the location strategies of Jurlique, it can be observed that the polices of the organization principally focuses on the types as well as size of the store, merchandising applications, merchandise mix as well as customer service providing methods among others (Jurlique, 2013). Effective segmentation of the product also helps to identify the target market needs and therefore avail the organisation with an opportunity to obtain greater customer loyalty (Mendes & Themido, 2004). In the context, the strategies applied by Jurlique when selecting its retail store locations can be identified to be focused on the traffic flow and accessibility of the outlets which helps to increase the a wareness of the consumers regarding the brand as well as the products. To be specific, Jurlique has been operating its stores in various locations in Australia including the Bondi Beach and many other crowded, metropolitan cities of New South Wales, Glenside and many other shopping hubs in South Australia as well as Melverne East and Melbourne in Victoria among others (Jurlique, 2013). Assessing the economic conditions and geographic potentialities of these stores it can be observed that these areas have deciphered significant growth in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Ai Group Economics and Research Team, 2013). Not only customers, but such

1) What kind of political animal are you - Centrists 2) Federalist No Essay

1) What kind of political animal are you - Centrists 2) Federalist No. 10 and Federalist No. 51 - Essay Example Explaining the definition of the Centrist is necessary in order to discuss the type of political animal that best fits my political profile. Republicans, of course, are represented by the elephant while Democrats by the iconic donkey. As a moderate, the Centrist is more temperate, with values ranging in the middle of both sides of the most radical political values. If politics could be best compared to geography, the temperate Centrist might be represented by the kitten, an animal with the ability to bear its claws and scratch while also purring with a docile demeanor that is more submissive than aggressive. In Federalist 10, written during the birth period of the nation, the idea of establishing factions or allowing faction-style leadership to gain control is mentioned as a problem for society and for the political system and future growth of the country. The wiles of men, or their desire to build faction-style leadership without checks and balances, create the necessity to have multiple representatives in power to avoid faction-like control from maniacal groups or those who seek to build a country model based on tyrannical leadership or dictatorship. The remedy is acceptance of the Republic constitution with a moderated leadership fully representatives of multiple social views and political ambitions. This warns, basically, of the dangers of factions and creating a political system that could be overwhelmed by social and political angst over ideologies. Federalist 51 basically states the same thing, only more detailed regarding the problems posed when there are no checks and balances systems in government. To avoid these problems, creation of different political divisions, with different controls, avoids tyrannical leadership or faction leadership from corrupting the political machine. Further, the development of individual state powers, over that of the federal system, is a solution provided to ensure that

Summarize Comm Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summarize Comm Theories - Essay Example The study of the scientific interpretation of information is supported by both the Schema Theory and the ELM. According to Woodland, (2011), the Schema Theory explains how human beings maintain sanity amid the information tide. The human mind is able to decode information and relate it to previous experiences to enhance communication. The ELM supports the Schema Theory by explaining that human beings do interpret information when they want to, but rely on signals that are unrelated to the information (Woodland, 2011). The study about communication and social order adopts a cross-sectional design methodology. The study has no time frame and it relies on comparisons to provide a visual image of the scientific interpretation of information. The major findings of the study relate communication to a system of mental focus whereby meanings are attached to information. In addition, social order is improved when there are forms that improve the social experience through communication. The findings are congruent with the communication theories discussed; hence resonate with my knowledge about communication and social order. The text supports the major theme that; through a scientific approach, human beings are able to interpret information and evaluate it through previous experiences for self-maintenance and social

1) What kind of political animal are you - Centrists 2) Federalist No Essay

1) What kind of political animal are you - Centrists 2) Federalist No. 10 and Federalist No. 51 - Essay Example Explaining the definition of the Centrist is necessary in order to discuss the type of political animal that best fits my political profile. Republicans, of course, are represented by the elephant while Democrats by the iconic donkey. As a moderate, the Centrist is more temperate, with values ranging in the middle of both sides of the most radical political values. If politics could be best compared to geography, the temperate Centrist might be represented by the kitten, an animal with the ability to bear its claws and scratch while also purring with a docile demeanor that is more submissive than aggressive. In Federalist 10, written during the birth period of the nation, the idea of establishing factions or allowing faction-style leadership to gain control is mentioned as a problem for society and for the political system and future growth of the country. The wiles of men, or their desire to build faction-style leadership without checks and balances, create the necessity to have multiple representatives in power to avoid faction-like control from maniacal groups or those who seek to build a country model based on tyrannical leadership or dictatorship. The remedy is acceptance of the Republic constitution with a moderated leadership fully representatives of multiple social views and political ambitions. This warns, basically, of the dangers of factions and creating a political system that could be overwhelmed by social and political angst over ideologies. Federalist 51 basically states the same thing, only more detailed regarding the problems posed when there are no checks and balances systems in government. To avoid these problems, creation of different political divisions, with different controls, avoids tyrannical leadership or faction leadership from corrupting the political machine. Further, the development of individual state powers, over that of the federal system, is a solution provided to ensure that

Rebeccas Structure Essay Example for Free

Rebeccas Structure Essay Explain the effectiveness of the structure of the text, Rebecca Daphne du Maurier’s Rebecca is structured in a circular form, which is effective in displaying elements of the gothic genre and producing a sense of mystery and ambiguity. The fact that details are revealed gradually creates tension, and a desire to know, so that by the end of the novel the audience is satisfied with the complete story, despite the horrific truth regarding Rebecca’s murder. The text virtually revolves around a murder By using a BAB form, with a reference to the ending at the beginning of the novel, a sense of confusion and abstruseness is evoked among readers. The first chapter, in which the narrator supernaturally returns to Manderley, relives her experiences and mourns for the loss of such an exquisite property, is perplexing for the reader as the scene, characters and setting have not been established. This causes the audience to disregard the first chapter, as the second chapter begins with an entirely different setting and mood. Upon reaching the end of the novel, the reader grasps the meaning of the dream sequence, and the forgotten abstruseness is resolved. The audience is left content with all details of the story revealed, but, like most gothic tales, also chilled and unsettled with the shocking conclusion. Rebecca shows elements of the horror genre through the structure, in which the details are revealed throughout the story, by being analogous to many crime shows of today. In television programs such as CSI, a section of the fictional offense is shown, after which the team investigates the murder or other wrongdoing, and eventually discovers the callous yet complete truth. This order of events matches exactly with those in Rebecca, and it has the effect that we have an idea of the story, but become alarmed yet intrigued as more shocking details are revealed. The text is structured in a way that the scene is set and elaborated on throughout the book as the story and events take place, which causes the reader to experience confusion and a sense of incompetence. The fact that we are put in the place of the speaker allows us to experience everything she feels, knows and says. The narrator’s lack of knowledge concerning Rebecca’s death and murder is unnerving, as it makes us feel just as naive and oblivious as Mrs. de Winter. This is relevant to the gothic genre as it plays on the idea of being put in someone else’s place, which seems supernatural and ghost-like, as if the murder is something we can only learn about through the narrator, as everyone else is already in the know. This idea is further explored when Mrs. de Winter goes to live at Manderley, and unintentionally takes Rebecca’s place. The ingenuousness of the narrator, and how she gradually learns the truth about the murder, allows us to relate, and displays the ghost-like element of the gothic genre. In conclusion, the structure of Rebecca is effective in exemplifying the gothic genre because it references the end of the book at the beginning which creates confusion and mystery. Its effect on the readers is significant because it follows the structure of many crime shows, and makes us feel clueless, like the narrator.

Comparing Current Economic Crisis And Great Depression Economics Essay

Comparing Current Economic Crisis And Great Depression Economics Essay Comparing current economic crisis and Great Depression. The current U.S economic crisis that begun August 2007 has plunged the country into a very dangerous phase in the U.S economic performance (Hilsenrath and Paletta, 4). The great decline in stock market which reduced spending and wealth among people resembles to the great economic depression (Katz, 10). The Great Depression was an economic recession that eroded stock market wealth and eventually spilled to other sectors of the economy (Hilsenrath and Paletta, 4). During the Great Depression, it has been recorded that Dow-gold ratio reduced substantially to a lower of 47 percent, most similar to the 42 percent experienced in the current crisis. The enraging crisis also foresaw crippling of most financial institutions due to bad loans and many banks had to freeze lending from 1929. There has been similar experience in the current crisis as the credit markets are on verge of collapsing. In 2008, sum credit in financial institutions has reduced by more than 250 percent while bad debt level has gone below 350 percent market (Waggoner, 1). The two crisis have shown similarities when comparing the trends in real estate. Like in the 1929 Great Depression, there has been a great overvaluation of the real estate. Problems in real estate have been the main factors contributing to the current crisis (Delong, 2). Under the global monetary system, dollar is converted with gold which means all the over currencies are only converted to gold or the Pound. However, this has become completely different since the dollar which is converted to gold has not been able to meet monetary conditions for conversion to gold standard which has destabilized world monetary system (Petrov, 2). Government response to the crisis is similar. In the current crisis, the United States government has signed a multibillion economic stimulus package totaling to $700 billion. This was a similar strategy which was taken in the Great Depression but in both economic crises, the economic stimulus package has not lived to its expectations (Stewart, 2). It is still acceptable to say that the current economic crisis resembles the great economic depression of 1929 because the high rates of unemployment that was witnessed during the depression has also affected the United State economy where many people have remained jobless and retrenchment rates have been at its peak. The current rate of unemployment stands at 6.1 percent which is even below the 1992 rate which was 7.8 percent. Similarly those still employed are under fear of loosing there jobs people anytime if efforts towards recovery does not succeed (Waggoner, 3). It is said that unemployment rate hit 10 % for the past two years. Research shows that the job crisis in America reached a point where both the underemployed and unemployed stopped searching for jobs and the rate of those looking for full time job but they could only get part time job reached 17.4 %. The rates of job crisis in America is said to be the highest figures in the world and continuity of such trends in Americ a will certainly change the new generation and the life course (peck, 2). The economic crisis in America forced president Franklin D. Roosevelt and the congress of the time to create FDIC with an aim of providing the federal state guarantee of deposits so the inception of FDIC in America granted people with certain amount of money guarantee of their money and those who deposited their finance with FDIC were very certain that their money was safe even if bank failure occurs (FDIC, 1). How U.S economic crisis is different from the great depression What need to be reflected first is that the 1929 occurrences were termed as a depression while the current situation in America is a recession. Scholars have said that the current economic crisis in United States is unlikely to culminate into the 1929 great economic depression. Some of the notable differences between the two include the following: During the economic depression the dollar was devalued relative to gold. Currently, there is absence of gold standard that serves as a restriction to the amount of money supply that can be expanded since the gold standard was abolished in 1971 thereby making the restriction of the dollar being tied to gold standards a nightmare in today world (Krugman, 3). During Great Depression, America economy was not ridden by bad debts as it is today. Currently, U.S economy has introduced credit cards that never existed in 1929. Similarly national debt and deficits in money available for spending was significantly lower than it is today where Americas debt is largely owned by foreigners who may easily devalue the dollar through selling dollar reserves and treasury bonds a decision that may lead to an international war. Although the economic crisis has caused pain in America economy for instance collapse in financial market, overvaluation of real estate, fall in energy prices, collapse of industrial centers and existence of recession in many sectors of the economy there are hopes that some cities will recover much better than before the occurrence of financial crisis since there are almost fifteen areas in the economy that are still expanding such as oil and natural resources (Florida, 4). Similarities between japans crisis of 1990s and the U.S Economic crisis The financial market stress that hit American economy resembles Japanese market crisis after 1997. Its recorded that various banking institutions and securities greatly affected financial markets thereby leading to increased crisis in the banking system of the two countries. Likewise asset market was greatly hit with no indications of bottoming out which is similar to American real estate market. It is also indicated that great losses were noted in the financial market where cases of bad loans were prevalent and this is said to have held the recovery of Japan economy (IMF, 1). In both economies, the economic crisis led to decline in consumers consumption habits since prices for goods were unaffordable thereby making consumers to minimize their spending potential with a view that in the near future prices will fall due to decline in demand. The period between 1980, Japanese monetary authorities flooded markets with liquidity so as to enhance the business to cope up with the rising value of Japanese yen. The excessive flow of money in the economy by 1990s led to immediate increase in the market value of equities and land since many investors directed their finances in real estate business (Posen, 6). Differences between japans crisis of 1990s and the U.S Economic crisis. Although the crisis in America and Japan were spearheaded by weak regulation and easy credit, policy makers argue that Japanese crisis looked larger than the American one because Japanese crisis stretched and affected the asset prices which were believed to be three to four times bigger than the American (Peck, 2). The banking crisis in the two economies shows that the American crisis was quite uncharacteristic since it shows household profligacy whereas the Japanese banking crisis comprised borrowing of finances by firms. In Japan for instance the sum bank losses on bad debts was almost 20% of the gross domestic product between 1993 to 2005 (Dick, 2008). Trends shows that policy response to the crisis in America were quicker and this made America move into the second of and manageable fiscal stimulus package. The U.S took quicker steps to revive the banks through the use of public funds within one year while Japan took eight years to recapitalize its banking systems (Mikitini, 2000). The lesson learnt from Japanese economic crisis is that the buying habits of consumers changes negatively when the rate of inflation is very high thus consumption rate of consumers decreases because they anticipate that prices of the products and services will fall in the near future where the will be able to buy at low prices and make some savings (Delong, 8).. It can be said that current governments came up with a number of policies to counter the effects of economic crisis for instance in America the federal reserve system kept the interest rates very low and expanded supply of money in the economy. Similarly many governments adopted the policy of reducing payments on housing loans. The strategy by federal government to inject more money into banking system in 2004 to 2006 helped increase the targeted federal money to more than the normal rate of 5% which reduced demand for houses thus fall in prices for houses hence solving the bubbles in the real estate management. Federal government also began bailing companies and banks that were collapsing such as GM, AIG and Chrysler and this helped to stimulate recovery of many banks and companies (Gene, 3). Work Cited Cavallo, Eduardo. Dealing with the crisis: Lessons from America. Retrieved Marc 6, 2010 from http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/3358, 2009. Florida, Richard. How the Crash Will Reshape America. Retrieved March 6, 20106 from http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/03/how-the-crash-will-reshape-america/7293/, 2008. Hilsenrath, Jon S., and Paletta, Damian. Worst crisis since 1930s with no end yet in sight. Retrieved March 6, 20106 from http: //online.wsj.com/article/SB122169431617549947.html. 2008. Stewart, Heather. International monetary fund says U.S crisis is largest financial shock since Great Depression. Retrieved March 6, 20106 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/apr/09/useconomy.subprimecrisis, 2008. Waggoner, John. Is todays economic crisis another Great Depression? Retrieved March 6, 20106 from http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-11-03-economy-depression-recession_N.htm, 2008. Peck, Don. How a new jobless era will transform America? Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/03/how-a-new-jobless-era-will-transform-america/7919/, 2009. International monetary fund. Japans policy response to its financial crisis: parallel with the U.S Today. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2009/031909.htm, 2009. Dick, K. Nanto. U.S financial crisis: Lessons from Japan. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/110816.pdf, 2008 Shirakawa, Masaaki. Way out of economic and financial crisis. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/110816.pdf,2009. Mikitani, Ryoichi. Japans financial crisis and its parallel to America experience. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://bookstore.piie.com/book-store/319.html, 2000. Tabuchi, Hiroko. Japans stationery decade cautionery tales for U.S. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/business/economy/13yen.html, 2009. Katz, Richard. Todays Americas financial crisis is not like Tokyos lost decade. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from ttp://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64823/richard-katz/the-japan-fallacy. Bank of Japan. Way out of economic and financial crisis: Lessons and policy actions. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://www.boj.or.jp/en/type/press/koen07/ko0904c.htm, 2009. Posen, S. Adam and Mikitani, Ryoichi. Japans financial crisis and its parallel to U.S experience. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://www.amazon.com/Financial-Parallels-Experience-Institute-International/dp/088132289X, 2009. Federal deposit Insurance Corporation. Why FDIC was created in U.S. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://www.fdic.gov/about/learn/learning/why/index.html,2004. Krugman, Paul. Monetary policy. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/samuelson-friedman-and-monetary-policy/, 2009. Foreign policy. Top 100 global thinkers. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/30/the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers, 2009. Delong, J. Bradford. The great crash and the great slump. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Crash14.htm, 1997. Beland, Daniel, and Francois vergniolle. Fighting big government. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LSyGk7VKC9CmgGkxbNp0mSm7LpLnv8K1tJY3jtmkhvJJGYsQ22pX!-1504265975!1494505646?docId=5006720711, 2005. Smiley, Gene. Great depression and current economic crisis. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://www.institute.sk/article.php?3100, 2009.

Islam in the Era of Globalization Essay -- Outsourcing, Offshoring, Fre

A primary question imposes itself. Do we muslims represent an umma in the contemporary world? What is meant by the question is not the umma as known in the political geography asa nation recognized by international law, but the umma is meant here as a concept of universal communal based on self awareness of the concerned entity about its identity on side, and the acceptance of the distinctive identity of the muslims on the other side. Muslims are supposed to be a doctrinal or ideological universal community, united through the entire world by their faith in thinking, feeling and action. They all believe in and they are all committed to Islam and its values of doing good and spreading it. However the concrete reality is that natural barriers such as geography and ethnicity in addition to political, economic and cultural barriers, under colonialism and post colonial era have obstructed the supposed unity of the umma. Nevertheless, the challenges and dangers muslims have been facing in the contemporary world ought to revitalize the awareness of unity and integrity of the muslim communal body. From another angle, the entire world is witnessing an era of globalism through its speedy communications, and transportations with all its negatives and its positives. This may be an opportunity for the muslims to surmount the barriers and gain some kind of unity at least in their thinking and feelings. The negatives of globalism may add to the challenges, which they must face together ,within the limited effective armament muslims may have in the contemporary world. Feeling as one â€Å"Umma† We have to feel genuinely as one umma in a rational mature well organized way so that our relationships work together in coordination and harmony within oneself. Muslims do not live in a vacume. They live in a world full of people with various backgrounds. An umma consciousness ought not to engulf or negate other muslim existential relations in the contemporary world. Islam being the message of â€Å"The Lord of the Universe†-allows and urges constructive natural relations between muslims and whomever they come across for whatever legitimate purpose. Through Islam we must make the best of our potential abilities. The identity of the muslim individual, group and umma can be perceived and universally recognized through truthfulness, honesty and helpfulness rather than throu... ...ily, freedom of faith and religion; health , education, political and socio-economic rights. They should be unhesitant supporters of religious and ethnic minorities and all victims of oppression and exploitation. Conclusion It goes without saying that each country with a muslim majority should be a role model for defending and securing human rights. We as an Umma have a long way to go through in order to assure itself within itself and the complex contemporary world. Whatever the long way it starts with a few steps in the right direction. Let us set ourselves as an umma in the right direction with regards to feeling, thinking and acting, starting from individual groups and going through the whole umma.Deeds should represent our ideals ,since they are the obvious and concrete expression of our identity ,beliefs, and concepts. Europe fostered in modern times an ideology of nationalism and the struggle for it has been able to provide during the recent decades the â€Å"Euro-community† as an enlightening , conceptual and practical model of persistent hard worked for unity. Analysis of an article written by DR. Hameed Anwar in "Islam Today" published 1998